Notes on IP XI chapter 1

HARDWARE CONCEPT

1. What is computer

• A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with a set of instructions called program.

2. What is the essential use of computer

• Computer is used for data processing

3. What is data

• Data is raw facts and figures

4. What is information

• Information is processed data

5. Data to information is called as?

• Data processing cycle

6. What are functions of a computer

• Input     (data)
• Process (processing using CPU)
• Output (Information)
• Storage (Pen Drives or Hard disks)

7. Block Diagram of Computer

8. What is input unit?

• This is the unit that converts human understandable language to computer language.

9. What is processing unit?

• The unit which process the data to information. It is the heart of Computer e.g. CPU.

10. What is output unit?

• It is the unit which is used to convert machine language to human understandable language.

11. What is Central processing Unit?

• It is a two component unit with Control Unit & Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). It guides, directs and governs its performance.

12. What is ALU?

• ALU performs all the four arithmetical (+,-,*,/) and some logical(<,>,=,<=,>=,,<>) operations. It processes all the logical true or false functions.

13. What is CU?

• The CU controls and guides the commands, flow and manipulation of all data and information in the computer.

14. What is memory?

• Memory is online storage of data and information what is to be executed in the computer. It is of two types volatile memory and none volatile memory. Example RAM

15. What is a storage device?

• A storage device is to store the offline data in the computer to later use. Example Hard Disk, ROM

16. What is the difference between ROM and RAM?

• ROM is None Volatile/ ROM is Slow / ROM is used as Storage Device.
• RAM is Volatile / RAM is Fast / RAM is used as primary memory.

17. What is memory cell?

• Memory cell is a part of main memory that stores bits in temporary basis

18. What is the difference between Primary memory and secondary memory?

• Primary Memory is the main memory and Secondary memory is storage device
• Primary Memory is volatile and Secondary memory is none volatile.

19. What is the calculation of Memory

• 1 or 0 is a BIT (Binary Instruction)
• 8 bits is 1 Byte
• 1024 Byte is 1 Kilo Byte
• 1024 Kb is  1 Mega Byte
• 1024 Mb is 1 Giga Byte
• 1024 Gb is 1 Terra Byte
• 1024 Tb is 1 Peta Byte
• 1024 Pb is 1 Exa Byte
• 1024 Eb is 1 Zetta Byte

20. What are two major parts in a computer system?

• Software and Hardware

21. What is the hardware?

• All the tangible parts in computer are called as hardware

22. What is the Software?

• All the in-tangible parts in computer are called as software

23. What are the parts of hardware?

• Input Device
• CPU
• Memory
• Output Device
• Storage device

24. What are peripherals in computer?

• The Hardware devices used to enhance or extend the capacity of computer
• They surround the computer.
• Example : printer /speaker / joystick / web cam/ scanner

25. What are the software in computer?

• Software are of three types in computers
• Operating System        System Software
• Language Processors
• Application System.

26. What is Operating System?

• The operating system is a system that handle three tasks
• Input / Output Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• It gives the user interface to the user with the computer.

27. What is the Role of OS ?

28. How many types of OS are there?

• Single User
• Multi User
• Multi-Tasking
• Batch Processing
• Round Robin
• Real Time Operating System

29. What is Language Pre Processor

• It is the software to convert High Level Language to Low Level Language vise-a versa
• They are used to create other Utility software
• There are three types of Language Pre processor
• Assembler
• Interpreter
• Compiler

30. What is assembler vs Interpreter vs Compiler?

Assembler converts Assembly to Machine Language one at a go

Assembler is fast to execute

Assembler is hard to learn.

e.g. MASM

Interpreter converts HLL to Machine Language Line by Line

Interpreter requires less memory

Interpreter is slow to execute.

E.g. HTML

Compiler converts HLL to Machine Language one at a go

Compiler is fast to execute

Compiler require more memory

e.g. C++

31. What is a application software ? Give example ?

• An Application software is the set of program necessary to carry out operations for a specified application.
• Utility software is a type of application software.
• Application software is usefull in increasing the capacity of computer.
• E.g calculator , vlc player, firefox, notepad

32. How many types of Application software are there?

• There are two types of application software
• Customized Application software (made for limited use)
• General Application software. (made for public use)

33. What are the strengths of Computers

• Speed
• High Storage Capacity
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility

34. What are the Disadvantages of Computers

• Lack of Decision Making Power
• Zero IQ

35. What is Firmware

• It is hard written small program in BIOS of Computer for Limited use and not very easy to modify.

36. What is Liveware

• It is the people who are benefited from the computer.

37. How many types of computers are there

• Analog Computers – works on Analog Signals
• Digital Computers – Works on Digital Signals
• Hybrid Computers – Works on both Analog and Digital Computers.

38. How are Digital computers differentiated?

- They are of two types

- Purpose-wise

    - Size and Performance wise

39. Based on Purpose –Wise how any types are there?
1. Special purpose Type
2. General Purpose Computer Type
40. Based on Size and Performance wise?
1. Embedded Computers
2. Microcomputers
3. Minicomputer
4. Mainframe
5. Super computer
41. Name any super computer made in india

• PARAM by CDAC
• PACE by ANURAG

42. 1.       What is input device

    -          It converts human understandable language to machine language

    -          Primary Input Device - KeyBoard

    -          Peripheral input Device  - Mouse (Pointing Device) , Scanner

    43.       What is MICR, OCR , OMR ?

    -          MICR ( Magnetic Ink Character Reader) / OCR (Optical Character Reader) / OMR (Optical Mark Reader)

    44.       What is Output device?

    -          The Device used to convert Machine Language to Human Understandable Language in Output Device.

    -          Primary Output Device (Monitor)

    -          Peripheral Output Device (Printer , Speaker)

    45.       How many types of Keyboard are there?

    -          QWERTY

    -          DVORAK

    -          Traditional

    -          Ergonomic

    5.       How many types of Mouse are there?

    -          Mechanical

    -          Optical

    -          Wireless

    6.       How many types of Printer are there?

    -          Impact Printer – Dot Matrix Printer

    -          None Impact Printer- Laser Jet Printer / Ink Jet Printer

    -          Plotters – to make maps of engineering works.

    7.       How many type of Monitors are there

    -          CRT

    -          TFT

    -          LCD

    -          LED

    8.       What is RAM Memory?

    -          The place in computer to save processing data temporary is called as RAM

    -          RAM is very fast and volatile memory

    9.       What is cache memory

    -          Cache memory is a memory with temporary memory had works as register for CPU.

    10.   What are ports?

    -          The interface that connects the computer to other devices are called as ports.

    -          Where are two types of Ports (Physical and Logical)

    -          IR (Infra Red Port)/ USB (Universal Serial Port)/Parallel port/ serial port

    11.   What are communication bus?

    -          The Wire connected between the different components in the CPU are called as communication bus. The Communication Bus are used to connect data between the components

    -          They are of three types

    -          Address Bus

    -          Data Bus

    -          Control Bus

    12.   What are memory cards  ?

    -          Memory cards are the devices to save data in flash memory

    -          MMC (MultiMedia Card) / SD (Secure Digital Cards) / Smart Media Cards / Memory Stick (Sony)

    13.   What is the difference between CRT and LCD Display ?

    -          CRT picture is created by transmitting / reflecting light but in LCD the image is created using light absorption.

    14.   What is the advantage of MICR and where is it used. ?

    -          They can be both read by human eyes and also in electronic from by devices as magnetic information is put in the MICR.

    -          Bank cheque / Demand Draft are very easily verified by MICR.

    15.   What do you mean by IOP cycle?

    -          Input Output Processing cycle

    
    

    16.   What are cylinder / sector / tracks in Hard Disks?